市场资讯及洞察
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全球石油市场的稳定,很大程度上悬于几条关键的海上通道。这其中,霍尔木兹海峡无疑是重中之重。“全球约20%的石油都得从这儿过”,这个说法流传很广。它并非夸张,而是揭示了全球能源供应链的一个结构性现实。要理解这个现象,我们需要从它的地理位置、贸易格局和经济影响说起。
1. 地理瓶颈:无法绕行的“世界油阀”霍尔木兹海峡位于阿曼与伊朗之间,是连接波斯湾与阿拉伯海的唯一水道。对沙特、伊拉克、阿联酋这些波斯湾沿岸的产油大户来说,这里是他们把石油运往全球市场的几乎唯一海上出口。根据美国能源信息署(EIA)的数据,2024年,每天约有 2,000万桶 石油及成品油穿过海峡。这个数字,相当于:
- 全球石油液体日消费量的 20%。
- 全球海运石油贸易总量的 25% 以上。
之所以如此依赖这条水道,并非偶然。独特的地理位置、产油国集中的港口布局、以及替代方案的极度稀缺,三者共同造就了它今天的地位。

近年来的运输量数据,也印证了这一点。下图显示,通过海峡的石油运输量长期维持在极高水平。

2. 贸易格局:谁在出口?谁在进口?
谁在出口,谁又在进口?海峡的贸易流向,就像一面镜子,照出了全球石油的供需格局。
主要出口国:海峡的石油主要来自波斯湾内的产油国。2023年的数据显示,供给侧高度集中:

主要进口方:相比之下,需求侧更加集中,主要在亚洲。EIA估算,2024年从霍尔木兹海峡运出的原油与凝析油中,约 84% 都流向了亚洲市场。其中,中国、印度、日本和韩国 是四个最主要的买家。这就意味着,一旦海峡发生航运中断或地缘政治风险,第一波冲击将直接传导至亚洲的炼厂和能源市场,并迅速通过布伦特原油这样的全球基准,影响世界经济。
3. 替代方案:管道与运力的“远水”与“近渴”
既然霍尔木兹海峡如此关键,难道没有备用方案来分散风险吗?答案是:有,但能力非常有限。
主要的陆上替代方案,是沙特和阿联酋运营的两条输油管道。

下表对比了海峡的日常流量与几个关键替代方案的运力。

至于油轮,船队通常都在高负荷运转,闲置的本就不多。一旦需要绕行非洲好望角这样的长航线,不仅运输时间和成本会暴增,全球的有效运力也会被大量占用,加剧市场本就紧张的神经。
4. 风险传导:从地缘政治到市场价格为什么霍尔木兹海峡的风险,总能迅速搅动全球油价?关键在于,短期内,无论是石油的生产还是消费,都缺乏弹性,很难快速调整。历史上,任何对海峡通航的威胁,都会立刻反映在价格上。下面的时间线和图表,就回顾了近年的几次典型风险事件。

2019年9月沙特石油设施遇袭后,布伦特原油价格的急剧跳升,就让市场感受到了供给中断的寒意。

市场如何消化这种风险呢?通常有几种方式:
- 即期价格跳升:交易员出于避险,会立即将最坏情景计入价格。
- 期货期限结构变化:对未来供给短缺的担忧,会推高近期合约的价格,形成“现货溢价”。
- 风险溢价:金融机构通过期权等工具,把地缘政治风险量化为每桶数美元不等的溢价,叠加在基础油价之上。
由单一通道风险引发的价格冲击,会沿着下面的链条,最终传导到整个宏观经济层面。

结语
霍尔木兹海峡的核心地位,根植于地理的唯一性、产油国港口的集中布局,以及替代方案的严重不足。全球五分之一的石油供给被锁定在这条狭窄水道上,而现有的管道和运力冗余远不足以对冲一次大规模中断。
这不只是一个运输瓶颈的问题。它意味着,任何围绕海峡的地缘政治摩擦,都有可能在短时间内转化为油价的剧烈波动,并沿着通胀和货币政策的链条向全球经济传导。对于关注能源市场和宏观风险的投资者而言,霍尔木兹海峡始终是一个不可忽视的变量。
参考文献与数据来源
- 1EIA (2025-06-16), Amid regional conflict, the Strait of Hormuz remains critical oil chokepointhttps://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=65504
- 2EIA (2024-06), World Oil Transit Chokepoints (PDF; Table 3 含 2018–2023 海峡通行量与全球海运石油贸易/消费口径) https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/special_topics/world_oil_transit_chokepoints/wotc.pdf
- 3EIA (2017-08-04), Three important oil trade chokepoints are located around the Arabian Peninsulahttps://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32352
- 4EIA, Europe Brent Spot Price FOB (Daily history table) https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/rbrted.htm
- 5IEA (2019-10), Oil Market Report October 2019 (PDF; 2019年9月事件、库存与期货结构) https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/953b7442-bc56-467d-94ef-7cded75d0843/October_2019_OMR.pdf
- 6Morgan Stanley (2026-02-26), Thoughts on the Market — Oil Rallies on Fresh Uncertainty (transcript; 风险溢价示例与期限结构识别) https://www.morganstanley.com/insights/podcasts/thoughts-on-the-market/oil-market-rally-geopolitical-risks-martijn-rats
- 7IMF Working Paper (2022), Second-Round Effects of Oil Price Shockshttps://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/wp/2022/english/wpiea2022173-print-pdf.pdf
- 8BIS Working Paper (2010), Oil shocks and optimal monetary policyhttps://www.bis.org/publ/work307.pdf
- 9FRBSF Working Paper (2023), How Oil Shocks Propagate: Evidence on the Monetary Policy Responsehttps://www.frbsf.org/wp-content/uploads/wp2024-07.pdf
- 10UNCTAD (2024), Review of Maritime Transport 2024 — Chapter 2 (全球船队与油轮占比)https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2024ch2_en.pdf
- 11Reuters (2025-12-15), Oil tanker rates to stay strong into 2026…(VLCC 利用率/闲置口径) https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/oil-tanker-rates-stay-strong-into-2026-sanctions-remove-ships-hire-2025-12-15/
- 12Reuters (2025-06-18), Goldman estimates geopolitical risk premium…(风险溢价区间示例) https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/goldman-estimates-geopolitical-risk-premium-around-10-per-barrel-brent-after-2025-06-18/


It was a busy day in the US today, with investors waiting on the latest policy decision from the Federal Reserve. The Fed left interest rates unchanged at 5.5%, as expected. All three major Indices, Dow Jones, S&P 500, and Nasdaq finished the trading day at all-time highs for the first time since 8/11/2021.
After the market closing bell, Micron Technology Inc. (NASDAQ: MU) released Q2 of fiscal 2024 financial results and the US semiconductor company did not disappoint. The company reported revenue of $5.824 billion, which was above analyst estimate of $5.347 billion. Earnings per share was reported at $0.42.
Analyst expected Micron to report a loss per share of -$0.253. Company overview Founded: October 5, 1978 Headquarters: Boise, Idaho, United States Number of employees: 43,000 (2023) Industry: Semiconductors Key people: Robert E. Switz (Chairman), Sanjay Mehrotra (President & CEO) CEO commentary "Micron delivered fiscal Q2 results with revenue, gross margin and EPS well above the high-end of our guidance range — a testament to our team’s excellent execution on pricing, products and operations," Sanjay Mehrotra, CEO of Micron said in a statement. "Our preeminent product portfolio positions us well to deliver a strong fiscal second half of 2024.
We believe Micron is one of the biggest beneficiaries in the semiconductor industry of the multi-year opportunity enabled by AI," Mehrotra added. Stock reaction Shares were up by 2.39% at the end of the session on Wednesday at $96.25 a share. The stock rose by over 14% in the after-hours trading as earnings topped expectations.
Stock performance 5 day: +2.22% 1 month: +18.11% 3 months: +22.32% Year-to-date: +12.78% 1 year: +65.46% Micron stock price targets New Street Research: $100 Wolfe Research: $80 BMO Capital Markets: $90 Susquehanna: $112 Evercore ISI: $100 Wells Fargo & Company: $95 The Goldman Sachs Group: $97 Deutsche Bank: $90 JP Morgan Chase & Co.: $105 Morgan Stanley: $74.75 Bank of America: $100 Needham & Company LLC: $100 Piper Sandler: $95 Raymond James: $100 Mizuho: $105 Micron Technology Inc. is the 142 nd largest company in the world with a market cap of $106.25 billion, according to CompaniesMarketCap. You can trade Micron Technology Inc. (NASDAQ: MU) and many other stocks from the NYSE, NASDAQ, HKEX and ASX with GO Markets as a Share CFD on the MetaTrader 5 platform. To find out more, go to "Trading" then select "Share CFDs".
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Lennar Corporation (NYSE: LEN) has had a good start to 2024 with the share price up by over 11% reaching new all-time highs. On Wednesday, it was time for the US construction company to release the latest financial results for Q1 2024, ending on 29/2/24. Lennar reported revenue of $7.313 billion for the quarter, which was below estimate of $7.39 billion.
Revenue was up by 13% from the same period the year before. Earnings per share topped expectations at $2.57 (up by 25% year-over-year) vs. $2.21 per share expected. Company overview Founded: 1954 Headquarters: Waterford District, unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida (Miami, Florida postal address) Number of employees: 12,012 (2022) Industry: Construction Key people: Stuart Miller (Executive Chairman, co-CEO), Jon Jaffe (co-CEO, President), Fred Rothman (COO) Stock reaction Shares were down by 0.28% at the end of Wednesday’s session at $165.50 a share.
The stock fell by around 1% in the after-hours trading. Stock performance 5 day: +2.77% 1 month: +7.56% 3 months: +14.01% Year-to-date: +11.04% 1 year: +65.19% Lennar stock price targets Wedbush: $130 Raymond James: $165 JMP Securities: $170 The Goldman Sachs Group: $158 Royal Bank of Canada: $137 Barclays: $165 Jefferies Financial Group: $117 Wells Fargo & Company: $130 JP Morgan Chase & Co.: $135 Citigroup: $139 UBS Group: $159 Evercore ISI: $164 Bank of America: $120 Lennar Corporation is the 416 th largest company in the world with a market cap of $45.63 billion, according to CompaniesMarketCap. You can trade Lennar Corporation (NYSE: LEN) and many other stocks from the NYSE, NASDAQ, HKEX and ASX with GO Markets as a Share CFD on the MetaTrader 5 platform.
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Let us open with this: “It’s unlikely that the next policy rate move will be a hike. I’d say it’s unlikely,” – US Chair Jay Powell This verbatim quote puts a lid on the movements seen in bond and interbank markets that might have overacted to recent data that has been above expectations and has led some to price hikes. The let us counter that quote with this quote: “I think my expectation is that we will, over the course of this year, see inflation move back down.
That’s my forecast. But I think my confidence in that is lower than it was because of the data that we’ve seen.” – US Chair Jay Powell This ‘lack of progress’ is testing the board, it's also clear that members are starting to get spooked by signs in the labour markets that employment is tight and starting to flex to the upside. This is why we use the term ‘lid’ – the lid can come off and judging by the trade in the US500 and USD over the 2 hours from when the statement was released through to the end of Powell’s press conference, the lid is ajar.
The May meeting was supposed to be the start of the Fed's march to lower rates. At least that was what the pricing at the beginning of the year was telling us. As we've seen with the data; persistent inflation, strong employment, flat growth have clearly complicated where the Fed is now going.
And the May meeting may be when the starter gun was lowered - signalling that the federal funds rate to remain at 5.25% to 5.5% for the foreseeable future. If we look at the futures market the expected 150 basis points of rate cuts price in January, forecasted to start at the May meeting, now sits at a mere 32 basis point cut for 2024. And it's falling further.
Risk on trading has been gorging on this idea since last October and in part explains why global indices have been so strong in the face of tough conditions. With the Fed in a fix about what to do next indices are now going to have to ‘prove’ (bottom-up fundamentals) that pricing is justified, something market is now testing. On the FX front, the May Fed meeting has been taken in a different light.
The lid has been taken as ‘firmly on’ and the USD has suffered for it. DXY shows that across the pairs the USD was turfed out as those traders positioned for US Fed hikes got squeezed. We need to be vigilant as to which pairs we looked at.
Considering the EUR, GBP, CAD and Scandinavian currencies are likely to see rate cuts from their respective central banks in the coming months the current fall in the USD may be short lived here. But currencies such as the AUD and NZD facing higher rates for longer may hold on to the gains they acquired. The conclusion, however, is that rates are on hold and will be higher for longer.
The pressure this will put into risk assets is likely to be seen in the coming months and therefore a real test for the bulls that have been driving markets since October last year.


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Plenty has been made of the drive towards nickel and lithium as “future metals” as the world's “electrification” takes hold. This “electrification” has been nicknamed the “volt revolution” and when you get these kinds of technological leaps - what's appearing to be the “winner” now doesn't necessarily mean it will be the overall. That is where Nickel and Lithium need to be examined.
The demand for these two metals over the last 15 years has been staggering and for good reason the uptake of electronic vehicles (EVs), household batteries and the accelerated push to “net zero” have made these two metals – must haves. However as mentioned, will the demand hold up or will these metals experience the same market translation social media went through in the late 1990s and 2000s. Think about it what happened to market leaders Myspace and Yahoo?
Think about all those search engines that lost out to Google? Or the online marketplaces that have been cannibalised by Amazon. I raise this because although right now nickel and lithium are all the rage, there are signs they may lose out to cheaper and possibly faster technologies in the EV and battery space over the coming decades.
Nickel in particular looks to be the first one of these under pressure, and not surprising it’s from lithium itself. The light speed advancement in cheap and safe LFP batteries (lithium iron phosphate) is staggering. In fact, they are becoming so good at holding charge and efficiency that LFP batteries have now conquered 70% of the EV mass market in China further to this - they don't need nickel or cobalt like previous iterations.
Then there is the new manganese twist to the LFP batteries. “LMFP” uses manganese as a cathode which almost exponentially upscales the quality. These batteries are now approaching the energy density and range of standard high nickel batteries that are sold in all EVs across Europe in the US — but here is the kicker its two-thirds of the cost. So it would appear lithium is the winner with the LMFP battery technology - Again, I am not sure as battery technology using sulphur and potassium suggests we could see another leap forward in the range and charging time of these players and they are due to hit the market in the latter half of this decade, the catch here – they don’t use lithium in anywhere near the quantities originally forecast.
Let me dig a little further - the Department of Industry and Resources anticipates that lithium prices won't return to the peak levels seen in late 2022 until the end of 2029. Why? Throughout most of last year a surge in lithium production chased the high prices of 2022 leading to a substantial increase in global supply.
Couple that with weaker-than-expected demand for EVs in the US and Europe balanced the market and caused prices to drop significantly. (Source: Department of Industry and Resources) Supply and demand being what it is prices fell throughout 2023 resulting in reduced production, particularly among some higher-cost producers. Which brings us to the 20% increase in lithium price since the start of the year, and forecasts of further gains through to 2025 according to the same report from the Department of Industry, Resources, and Sciences. However, from 2026 onward, lithium-ion EV batteries will face the pressure from the technologies mentioned above.
The impact on lithium prices such as lithium spodumene according to the Department is prices to climb to US$1,360 per tonne by 2026 before declining to US$1,090 by 2029. The reason I want to use the department’s forecasting is it is historically conservative and directionally accurate. So, what does this all mean?
Larger lithium producers like Pilbara Minerals, Mineral Resources, and IGO are expected to remain profitable at current prices, but the outlook for marginal producers like Core Lithium and emerging players like Liontown is less certain, with questions about whether current prices are sufficient to support their projects. It also suggests that when it comes to future metals – nickel, lithium and the like, a short term view may be the better option as picking the eventual winner in the ‘volt revolution’ is far from certain.
