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There are few times when the market (irrespective of trading vehicle) is more likely to move in price quickly than on the release of some economic data. Judging potential market response can be complex as often many data points are released in quick succession but is an important component of overall risk management relating to your trading positions and account generally. This article aims to provide you with some things to consider in your trading development and systems.

As a trader you need to: Understand the basics of why markets move in response to data. Have an indication not only as to when data is due but its potential impact on financial instruments you may be trading, to make some judgement on risk. Have articulated within your trading plan how you are to manage both potential entries and open positions when sensitive economic news is due.

So, your major five factors are: 1. Data type Obviously, not all economic data has the same level of impact. The way data is perceived in terms of importance has a general relationship to how it either: a.

Indicates the health of a specific economy (and in some cases a global indication). b. Is likely to impact on central bank decision making e.g. with interest rates decisions. To give an example, automobile sales data is unlikely to have a major impact on many trading positions and instruments except for transport related share CFDs, whereas employment data can significantly not only relate currency pairs but Index CFDs and share CFD positions.

The general “impact level” is illustrated commonly on economic calendars. On the GO Markets’ economic calendar on the website this is shown as a colour coded volatility measure (see image below). Please note that this measure relates to the potential impact on currency pairs only.

For potential impact on other instruments, this should be a planned part of learning to trade. 2. Data versus instrument You may currently trade, or plan to in the future a one or more different financial instruments on your trading account. These may include: • Forex, • Index CFDs • Commodity CFDs • Share CFDs As well as the country of origin with an impact on relevant forex pairs, as previously referenced some data (particularly from the US, China or Eurozone) often has a broader “whole market” influence.

The “whole market” extends beyond Forex and for major data news will impact on all instruments. Your challenge is to identify what this impact and as importantly the direction of price move may be. For example, major jobs data such as the US non-farm payrolls (monthly employment), may alter the perception of timing of any interest rate change by the US Federal Reserve.

Let us use the example of a weak number that the market takes as making a rate reduction more likely. This may weaken the USD (for Forex traders ), and so be positive on other currencies with USD within any pair. Also due to the inverse relationship with some commodities and USD, there may be a rise in precious metal CFDs.

The inference that a rate cut will put more money into the pocket of “Joe Public” could be bullish for oil CFDs. Additionally, this may be positive for US equity (and subsequently other global indices) which will have a positive price impact on non-US Index CFDs. Also, of course, if there is a positive price move in indices, related Share CFDs could generally rise with a positive price move on indices.

Your challenge therefore is to learn through observation the impact of certain data points on different instruments. 3. Overall market sensitivities Some potential market responses are dependent on general state on local and global economic outlook. This may influence the more likely scenarios for the impending data release.

An obvious example of this would be interest rate decisions. In this case there are 3 possible options for a central i.e. to pause, raise or reduce interest rates. Although theoretically all three could be possible, it is usually a pause or EITHER of the other two not both.

To use this example further, in times when the market is uncertain about timing of rate changes, it could be “interest rate sensitive”. As central banks utilise jobs and CPI (inflation) data as key part of their decision making, at such sensitive times, the impact of these data points may be more acute than in other times where there is no expectation of potential change in the next few months. To give another example, if the financial markets are concerned about global economic growth then GDP, industrial production and PMI data is likely to illicit more of a response than if such concerns didn’t exist.

Although this may be sometimes difficult to gauge and so legislate for in your overall market risk assessment, keeping abreast of general financial news and market opinion often will provide a consensus view as to what scenarios are more likely. 4. How you are positioned If you have more than one trading position open (and potentially across several different trading instruments) it is important to note that a single data point can influence positions similarly or have counter effects on different positions. Firstly, let’s give an example of three trades you could have open… Long AUDUSD Short USDJPY Long EURUSD With a data point that may have a large general impact on USD this will have a potential 3 times risk on your account equity If you have positioned sized with a 2% per trade risk for each.

Then add to that a Long GOLD CFD (XAUUSD) perhaps. You have added another “anti-USD” position that is likely to move in the same direction as the above. Let’s say that the data will have a negative impact on the US equity markets also, make the assumption that the ASX often is led by what happens in the US overnight and if you have a couple of long CFD positions, these could also move against you at the same time as other open positions as described.

One last point on number of positions, there is no doubt that the more positions you have open, the more complex it is to make “whole” accounts decisions. So, what this means for you is: a. Set a maximum number of positions to have open at any one time. b.

Know the potential impact on all instruments you are trading at any specific data point. c. Consider your risk level you are exposed to across all positions and plan stop/trail stop levels or potential closing of some positions accordingly. 5. Timeframe Although it is difficult to accurately quantify and even more so when considering multiple data releases, some awareness of the longevity of a market response, including whether a trend change is likely, will be different depending on what timeframe you are trading.

Commonly, economic data release and types are likely to have more “acute” impact on shorter timeframes than longer. If trading daily charts, with a smaller position and wider stop, there may be less implication on relative price movement and account position with an often a short-term market move which doesn’t impact long term trend. The reverse could be the case than for example due to CPI or PMI data, if trading a 15-minute larger position with a tighter stop, where short term price and the trend may be impacted upon quickly.

Experience is a good teacher in this case as to creating general rules, and like many aspects of your trading planning and action, merits considering lower position exposure until you are at a point where creating individual “rules” for you can be established with some confidence. In summary, as with many aspects of trading, at a beginner trading level, learning that data does have impact and having a ‘check in’ and basic plan to manage risk and opportunity is undoubtedly important as you find your “trading legs”. Even knowledge of some of the things discussed in this article will be useful in terms of increasing understanding.

As you develop some experience considering what we have covered above, is next level refinement (and we know that details often DO matter when trading) of your plan and actions you choose to take could, and arguably should, be part of your thinking going forward. We are always here to help. Our on-going education of the ‘Inner Circle’ programme that we offer will help not only in seeing the practical implications of the content above but also give opportunities for you to ask questions and gain clarity of this and other aspects of your trading live.

In our previous articles we introduced the SIX steps to improving your trading discipline, offered some guidance on developing “awareness” and explored how to prioritise the trading discipline areas. If you haven’t yet read these articles, perhaps it is worth checking them out before moving onto this one. Step 1 - Awareness Step 2 - Prioritise and Identify your cause This third step aims to take those prioritised areas and create as many compelling reasons to change the thinking from “It would be good to work on” to an “I MUST work on…”.

Why is this necessary? We all recognise that working on anything to do with your trading, be it a knowledge gap, developing a new system or the on-going commitment of keeping a journal for example will require effort and time. In our busy lives it is sometimes difficult to create this without a compelling reason to do so.

We need a perceived level of necessity to enable us to push through and act.Hence the more motivation we can create that this IS a necessity will serve us well in follow through. Adults are invariably motivated to consider change based on perceived level of pleasure or pain of taking action/inaction. If we are comfortable in what we are doing or haven’t got an obvious reason to make this effort and invest the time we will tend to be less motivated to change anything to do with our trading.

Hence, what is being suggested is through identifying the pleasure (or in other words a potential positive impact on trading results or the potential pain (or in other words possible negative outcomes of not acting), this may assist in creating this motivation. And so, onto the practical So, this practical step involves this process of quite simply identifying the implications of what you are doing and creating that impetus to act. Let’s use an example to help get you started.

You have identified previously that your “trail stop strategy” within the exit component of your trading plan needs to be written and followed. Now you have a simple statement suggesting “I will trail my stop when a trade goes in my desired direction”. You have recognised that although the idea of trailing a stop is referenced there is a lack of specific instruction as to how you are going to do this.

So, get time to get busy and create that motivation to amend this to better serve you. Get a piece of paper (or get on your PC and open a word document) and create two sections. In section one you list the potential positive trading outcomes (pleasure) that could result if you DO act.

In section two the potential negative trading outcomes (pain) that could result from NOT acting. So, it could look something like the table below: It is worth note that the last statement essentially in a summary statement which references results. This was your impetus for choosing this as a potential priority area and reinforces this psychologically helping you to lock in the importance of addressing this.

Now remember, the purpose of this approach is to get you to take initial action, to ‘press the button: on doing something. Your next challenge which we will address in the next "discipline steps" article, is about turning this theoretical reason to act into actual execution, and in some cases, with areas that require on-going input, to maintain your required motivation through creating an effective trading habit.

Warning: Turn your sensitivity meter down a little. This is a no sugar-coating, tell-it-how-it-is article (but rest assured it comes from a nurturing place). All over the globe, trading gurus attempt to sell their wares (software, the ‘holy grail’ of trade set ups etc) using retrospective charting examples.

Such powerful visual “evidence” is often used to persuade prospective FX clients that this vehicle is ‘easy’ to make profit with. With little work, little time, or whatever marketing buttons they are using to press to get a response. So, hours of energy invested, often cash is exchanged and yet more often than not, with an off the shelf system in place (often just an entry system which we know is never going to offer a complete trading solution) traders are left feeling more than a little disappointed that such “guaranteed, easy riches” are not showing up in their trading account.

On an individual level we see similar. Much airplay is given to the merits of back-testing and yet as with the aforementioned guru approach, you can just about find examples, if you look hard enough, of chart examples that mean this “next new indicator thing” is now the answer to replenish your now depleted finds. So, what happens, we have a system change, and yet results still often fall short of expectations.

There are 3 common dangers of the retrospective approach to creating (if you haven’t a trading plan already) or altering an existing plan that are worth highlighting. #1 – Overstating the function of back-testing. Let us be completely blunt. The purpose of back-testing is NOT, nor should ever be viewed as evidence that a trading plan, based on what ever system you are exploring, will work for you in the reality of live trading.

Back-testing does not generally consider: a. The impact of economic data releases and revisions, b. The political and general climate both globally and specifically in the countries that currency pairs relate to, c.

Individual investor behaviour re. timeframes, time of day that they trade, nor their ability (or otherwise) to act or inaction on a change of sentiment, d. Unplanned events such as escalating conflict (or the threat of such), e. The relationship and impact of other financial instruments of FX pairs e.g. equity and bond markets, commodities So, why back-test at all if the evidence could be so flawed?

The answer is simple, back-testing creates evidence, not that a system will definitely work for you as a trader, but ONLY as evidence that a forward (or prospective) test may be worthwhile. So, the bottom line is the function of back-testing is to justify the time and effort to prospectively test. It is after such a prospective test that system changes can be made/developed. #2 – Failure to gather a critical mass of evidence There are two issues here. a.

What constitutes enough evidence to move to the next stage of system testing. Quite often traders will make decisions on a limited amount of data e.g. one timeframe and one currency pair, over the last couple of months on which to make system decisions. Now you have read this it may seem obvious and may not need pointing out (but we will anyway) why this is insufficient information on which to base a “cross the board’ entry and exit system. b.

The second issue here is one of selective evidence gathering. A natural human response when excited by an idea is search for evidence to back up that idea. The potential danger with this is that we often tend in this search, to ignore information that refutes our idea. #3 – The reason behind doing this may not be that your system is failing rather it could be a YOU issue.

System skipping is common amongst many traders and is invariably motivated by results that are not as desired. Here is the danger. As much of what goes into creating trader results (some would suggest up to 80%) is due to behavioural issues (we have waxed lyrical about trading discipline previously) unless you: a.

Have a trading plan that is specific, measurable and comprehensive AND b. Follow it religiously ‘to the letter” then you are not really in a position to make a judgement on whether system could serve you well or is likely not to produce desired results. AND to add to this, as such behavioural issues have not been either acknowledged or addressed whatever system (based or retrospective charts or not) is more likely to produce equally disappointing results.

So, before you start on the journey of altering a system you should logically make every effort to have, follow and measure the impact of any system before you even consider changing it (or looking into what you may change it to). This MUST be your #1 priority before going down any path of system alterations. So there you have it.

You have a choice to take action of course on what you have read, If so, your missions going forward are: a. Make sure you have a comprehensive plan that you follow. Then, and only then, should you begin to explore further development including the use of retrospective charts (or back-testing) b.

Recognise the SOLE PURPOSE of back-testing is to create evidence that a forward (or prospective) live test is justified. c. Make sure you are basing any potential system change on a enough “balanced” data.

Experts suggest that 80% of your trading outcomes can be attributed to your behavioural and psychological interactions with the market. It is your mindset that determines how well you comply with good trading, even if you are sufficiently disciplined to adhere to a written trading plan, have the motivation to even write such a plan in the first place, commit to measuring your trading as logic would suggest is prudent, and do the “tough yards” in learning how to trade. Let’s get real...

Compared to the relative ease of learning a new indicator or grabbing someone else’s system to trade, this is hard for many, and falling short in this aspect of your trading (which many traders do) may ultimately be the reason why the majority of traders appear to be less than happy with their results. However REAL practical advice is often relatively scarce. One need only look at how the internet is brimming with advice on which indictors to use for entry, with only scant reference to the behavioural aspects of trading, usually summed up in a trite statement along the lines of “you must be a disciplined trader”.

This article aims to address some of these practical issues through providing 10 possible tactics that may help. Your ten tactics: 1. Awareness and acceptance is critical.

Unless you accept where you are now with your thinking, feeling and consequent behaviour, you will not move forward. 2. You have a complete trading plan that articulates trading actions before you enter and once in trades i.e. an exit strategy. The ambiguity of many trading plan statements, although better than not having a plan at all of course, does not serve in creating consistency in action in the “heat of the market”, leaving the trader more open to straying from that which was original planned. 3.

Start a journal. Sometimes the very process of formally recording what you are doing helps in doing the right thing more consistently. Of course, a journal will enable you to identify what you are REALLY doing and what contributed to decision making, is crucial to be able to pick up common threads that can be identified easily ad subsequently worked upon. 4.

Press the “reset button” on your trading account NOW. What we mean by this is an acceptance that your trading capital is what it is now. There is little point and it does not serve a positive, committed mindset if you are “stuck” in what has gone before.

If you have been on the receiving end of ‘donating’’ a proportion of your capital to the market through ill-discipline. Take your previous results as feedback, use it as the motivation to act on what has been happening. This is VITAL! 5.

Re-align with your trading purpose and plan prior to every trading session. Reminding yourself of what you MUST do and why you are doing it should be part of your daily trading ritual. 6. Make it a mission to “challenge” your existing plan on at least a 3-monthly basis through gathering an increased weight of evidence that its component parts are working for you as an individual trader.

This breeds confidence in actioning a plan, enabling more disciplined trading. 7. Beware ‘unhealthy’ statements, both externally that you may hear flying around the investment world, and the internal language that “pops up” in your head whilst trading (although this can give you clues about what is happening with you). For example, “do not invest with money you can’t afford to lose” (it makes no sense to go in to the trading arena with a mindset that it is ok if I lose my capital), or even worse, “it is not a loss until you take it”. 8.

Take regular breaks from the market during any session, particularly when trading shorter timeframes, to re-align with purpose and plan, and to mentally press your “reset button”. Remember, research suggests you are your optimum concentration level (without changing an activity) for around 20 minutes. Use “gaps” in active trading to do other things perhaps e.g. make a journal note, get your “books” up to date or even re-align with an article that has previously made a difference.

These are potentially far more fruitful than purposeless screen watching, simply observing positions move up and down. Additionally, of course, this change in activity could be helpful in maintaining concentration when you re-check in with your positions. 9. Ensure that you are trading within your level of competence i.e.

Trade ONLY what you have learned, you are more likely to revert to unhealthy actions if your confidence is low relating to what you are doing. 10. Trade smaller positions until you have evidence of developing good consistent habits that break away from your current less healthy trading state. There are a few different ways to action this, reducing your tolerable risk level significantly per trade e.g. from 3% to 1% of trading account capital, or trading micro-lots rather than mini-lots are a couple of examples.

Look down the list above and choose 2-3 that resonate with you to focus on in the first instance. Master these and then move onto the rest with the confidence that achieving a developmental goal often provides. Finally, as we have discussed before, be gentle on yourself.

There is no point in beating yourself up emotional for mistakes you may have made in the past as this is unlikely to contribute to taking some positive steps forward. There is NO successful trader we have come across that does not subscribe to continuous learning, including in this context of course, the learning you must do about yourself as a trader.

World's Largest Banks By Klavs Valters Banks play a significant role in our day-to-day lives and as the global economy continues to expand year-on-year, they will continue to do so. Even though the United States has the largest economy by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), China dominates the list of the biggest banks in the world (by asset value), with four banks coming from the world’s most populated country. But who are the top 10 of the world’s largest banks? 1.

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China It’s the biggest bank in the world measured by assets, which is worth of $3.62 trillion. Despite its status as a commercial bank, it is owned by the state. Its services include credit cards, loans, business finance and money management for high net worth individuals and companies. 2.

China Construction Bank With assets of $2.94 trillion, China Construction Bank is the second biggest in the world. The bank offers corporate banking, which deals with credit, company e-banking, credit lines as well as commercial loans. It has around 13,629 domestic branches as well as overseas branches in Hong Kong, Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo, Kuala Lumper, Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland, Luxembourg, Frankfurt, Barcelona and London. 3.

Agricultural Bank of China Founded in 1951, the Agricultural Bank of China is the third largest bank in the world with assets of $2.82 trillion. The bank deals with small farmers and large agricultural wholesale companies but also works with non-agricultural companies. The Beijing-based bank also has branches in Tokyo, Sydney, London and New York. 4.

Bank of China The Bank of China is the second largest lender in China overall and the largest lender to non-institutions. It offers investment banking, insurance and investing services as well as personal loans, debit and credit cards, mortgages and insurance. Bank of China is the most globally active out of the Chinese banks, with branches in around 27 countries including Australia, Canada, Germany, Russia, Italy, and the United Kingdom to name a few. 5.

HSBC HSBC is a British multinational banking and financial services company. The bank has offices in 80 countries around the world and it provides private banking and consumer finance as well as corporate banking and investment services. HSBC has total of $2.57 trillion in assets. 6.

JPMorgan Chase & Co. JPMorgan is the largest US bank and worlds second most valuable bank by market capitalization. It offers investment services, wealth management, asset management and securities.

It has total assets of $2.45 trillion, making it the sixth largest in the world. 7. BNP Paribas BNP Paribas is a French international bank with offices in over 70 countries around the world. The bank was formed when Paribas and Banque Nationale de Pairs (BNP) merged in 2000.

It is the largest French bank and has assets of $2.4 trillion. 8. Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group is a Japanese financial services company with headquarters in Tokyo. It was founded in 2005 when it was announced the plans to merge UFJ with the Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group and it is now world’s 8 th largest bank with assets worth over $2.4 trillion. 9.

Bank of America Bank of America is a US bank with headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is the second largest bank in the US and offers services for personal banking, small and medium size businesses as well as large corporations. With assets around $2.15 trillion, it’s the 9 th largest bank in the world. 10.

Credit Agricole Group 10 th largest bank in the world and 2 nd largest in France is the Credit Agricole Group. It was founded in 1894 with headquarters based in Montrouge, just outside of Paris. The bank has a history of working with the farming industry and has assets of up to $1.91 trillion.

Almost every country in the world has a stock exchange with some countries having multiple exchanges. There are over 60 major exchanges across the globe with the total market cap of over $85 trillion. But only 18 of those are in the so-called ''$1 trillion club''.

The top 18 stock exchanges have a total value of $77 trillion which makes up around 90% of the total global stock exchange market cap. United States The United States has two of the largest stock exchanges in the world - The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ). NYSE is the largest with a market cap of just over $23 trillion, that’s around $12 trillion more than second largest stock exchange NASDAQ.

Some of the biggest companies listed on NYSE include the tech giants Apple, Google, Microsoft and world’s 4th largest company by market cap - Amazon. Asia The largest stock exchanges in Asia are located in Tokyo (JPX) and Shanghai (SSE), with total market caps of $6.06 and $4.53 trillion respectively. Some of the largest companies on the JPX include automotive manufacturer Toyota, SoftBank, Mitsubishi and NTT DoCoMo.

Europe The largest European based stock exchange is based in Amsterdam (Euronext) with a market cap of around $4.34 trillion, closely followed by the London Stock Exchange (LSE) at $4.32 trillion. Some of the largest companies listed on Euronext include American multinational cigarette and tobacco manufacturer Philip Morris, Procter Gamble and HSBC Holdings. South America Brazilian Stock Exchange (Bovespa) is the largest in South America and 20th largest in the world with a market cap of around $783 billion, followed by the Mexican Stock Exchange (BMV) at $393 billion.

Africa Largest stock exchange in Africa is based in Johannesburg (JSE), South Africa with the market cap of just over $1 trillion. It is worth pointing out that it was the first stock exchange to reach $1 trillion market cap in Africa. Australia At $1.45 trillion market cap the Australia Stock Exchange (ASX) is the largest in Australia with not much competition to the top spot on the continent.

Some of the largest companies include Commonwealth Bank, Westpac Banking Corp, and CSL Limited. The financial sector makes up around 40% of the total market cap of the ASX. Map of the Largest Stock Exchanges by Continent Source: Google Maps Getting Close To A Trillion The closest stock exchange to join the ''$1 trillion club'' is the Spanish Stock Exchange (BME) at $851 billion market cap.

Some of the biggest companies listed include Spain’s two largest banks - Banco Santander and BBVA and global energy company Repsol. Brazilian Stock Exchange in Sao Paolo is second closest the $1 trillion market cap at $783 billion. If it does reach the $1 trillion market cap, it will become the first South American stock exchange to reach the milestone.

Other two exchanges closest to the milestone include the Singapore (SGX) and Moscow (MOEX) stock exchanges at $727 and $621 billion market cap respectively. By Klāvs Valters This article is written by a GO Markets Analyst and is based on their independent analysis. They remain fully responsible for the views expressed as well as any remaining error or omissions.

Trading Forex and Derivatives carries a high level of risk.